Discovery of Existentialism in Crime and Punishment - Literature Essay Samples

Discovery of Existentialism in Crime and Punishmentby, AnonymousJanuary 1, 1995Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment can be read as an ideological novel because those typically represent the social, economic, and political concerns of a culture. Dostoyevsky gives an interesting twist to this genre by examining society through the eyes of a criminal and, instead of delving into the ways in which society and culture work, exploring the ways in which they fail. He also refutes many culturally dominant ideologies, including utilitarianism and nihilism, and by doing so, gives way to the emergence of a pre-existential novel, in which the anti-hero, Raskolnikov must suffer the consequences of his choice. Raskolnikov is an existential character, mostly because, in the chain of choices that composes his life, he faces only one major decision. Ultimately, the choice that he makes is erroneous despite the rationale behind it, and the stress and tension that ensue cause him to suffer greatly. In addition, in an attempt to satisfy his own worldly desires, he tries to follow the principles of utilitarianism and predetermination, struggling to use them as justifications for his actions and goes against his own existence by attempting to embrace nihilistic attitudes. Despite his efforts, it is evident through a series of dreams that all of these concepts fail him: utilitarianism falls apart, he loses faith in predetermination, and nihilism becomes impossible. Ultimately, he finds himself unable to escape from the consequences of his own actions. In this way, Crime and Punishment becomes one of the first major existential and psychological novels.An interesting characteristic of Crime and Punishment as an ideological novel is that conventional social rationale and morality become inverted for Raskolnikov in that he is able to justify and commit his crime while simultaneously judging and condemning the evils in other characters. Moreover, the evils he perceives excluding tho se of Svidrigalov are not traditionally considered immoral evils. For instance, Sonyas and Dunyas self-sacrifice would usually be considered a noble characteristic. However, interestingly enough, in terms of Raskolnikovs existential views, self-sacrifice becomes the greatest crime of all.Elements of the psychological novel come into play as Dostoyevsky traces Raskolnikovs thought-process throughout the conception, perpetration, and repercussions of his crime. Specifically, Raskolnikovs dreams function to reflect his varying psychological states as it relates to the murder; he fails in his attempts to utilize popular philosophical, social, and political ideologies to rationalize his crime, and, ultimately, is left with only his psychological suffering. There are a total of three dreams, each involving the violent beating of a person or animal while a crowd looks on. In the first dream, a lowly drunken peasant is beating a horse. The crowd has a mixed reaction to the beating; s ome disapprove, some simply look on, and some participate in the beating; Raskolnikov, though only a child in the dream, actively attempts to stop the beating. In the second dream, the assistant superintendent is beating Raskolnikovs landlady. The crowd looks on and is uniformly shocked, but no one attempts to intervene, including Raskolnikov. In his third dream, Raskolnikov beats the old woman whom he murdered while bystanders look on and laugh. All three dreams are preceded by either the thought or the presence of Razumikhin, who can be said to represent honesty, innocence, and morality in the novel. This coincidence can be thought to come from Razumikhin coming to symbolize Raskolnikovs conscience protesting his attempts to justify his crime; hence, Raskolnikov grows increasingly annoyed with Razumikhin. Razumikhins unwavering faith in Raskolnikovs inherent goodness is loathsome to Raskolnikov, especially after he has committed his crime.Prior to his first dream, Raskolnikov contemplates going to Razumikhin, who is described as remarkable for never taking any of his failures to heart and never being unduly cast down by any circumstances, however straitened (70). Raskolnikov initially rejects the idea of going to see him, The question why he was now going to see Razumikhin worried him more than he realized; he was anxiously trying to find some ominous meaning in this, it would seem, quite ordinary action (71). He then decides to postpone his trip to Razumikhins until after he has committed the murder. At the thought of the murder, he becomes horrified, and decides not to do it. Then, Raskolnikovs first dream occurs, after walking around contemplating both the murder and the possibility of going to Razumikhin for financial assistance. In the dream, Raskolnikov (as a young boy) witnesses a furious peasant in a mob whipping an old mare and beating it with a hatchet until it dies. The young Raskolnikov is horrified, more so because the peasant insists that the mare is his property and he may do whatever he wishes with it (76). Raskolnikovs reaction to the beating of the mare strongly contradicts his contemplations of committing murder. After he wakes, he is reaffirmed in his own horror at the thought of the murder. He says to himself, Good God!. . . is it possible that I will really take a hatchet, hit her on the head with it . . . is it possible? (78). In this way, the dream symbolizes Raskolnikovs split psyche. The stress for Raskolnikov in this situation becomes the conflict between his somewhat weak sense of morality and his idea that, as Porfiry puts it, certain people . . . have a perfect right to commit all sort of enormities and crimes and that they are, as it were, above the law (275). Porfiry further elaborates on Raskolnikovs ideas between the ordinary and the extraordinary. Raskolnikov defends his ideas with utilitarianism:the extraordinary man has a rightnot an officially sanctioned right, of courseto permit hi s conscience to overstep certain obstacles, but only if it is absolutely necessary for the fulfillment of his idea on which quite possibly the welfare of all mankind may depend (276).However, Raskolnikovs attempt to use the ideology of utilitarianism to justify murder is undermined by his horror at the beating of the horse in his dream. Although he tries to justify the murder of the old woman using the aforementioned principles, he cannot escape his horror at the thought of actually having to go through the motions of committing the crime. His first dream exemplifies this aspect of his psyche, the aspect dominated by Razumikhins character and his conscience. This comes into conflict with the dream because the peasant that is beating the horse is not an extraordinary man and the killing of a horse does not serve any greater good. However, the crowd in this dream does not entirely disapprove the beating of the horse; some even participate. This seems to imply that part of society supports the crime, although it is senseless and essentially evil, adding another layer of confusion. Raskolnikov, in the dream, is horrified that the people are allowing the beating to continue, thus undermining the reasoning for his own murder. When he awakes, he is entirely convinced that it is impossible for him to commit the crime.After the dream, however, Raskolnikov has an experience that bizarrely unites religiosity and utilitarianism in his justification for crime. He inexplicably takes a detour on his way home and in a sort of predestined turning point of his fate he learns that Lisaveta Ivanovna is to be away from home during the planned time of the murder of her sister (79-80). Upon learning this, Raskolnikov suddenly felt with all his being that he no longer possessed any freedom of reasoning or of will, and that everything was suddenly and irrevocably settled (81). Thus, Raskolnikov, forgetting about his dream and Razumikhin, rationalizes the murder by attempting to dismiss his free will and instead rely on predetermination.Raskolnikovs second dream occurs after the murder. He returns home after burying the stolen items and visiting Razumikhin. It is important to note that while visiting Razumikhin, Raskolnikov becomes overwhelmed with rage, it had not occurred to Raskolnikov that he would have to meet him face to face; he cannot bear to meet Razumikhin face to face because he represents his conscience (130). On his way home, he is beaten in the street by a driver of a carriage [who] hit him very painfully across the back with his whip (131), much like the mare from his first dream. When he finally arrives at home, he undress[es] and trembling like a winded horse, he [lies] down on the sofa and immediately [falls] into a heavy slumber (133). Coincidentally, the animal imagery surrounding the second dream links it with the first one. He then dreams that his landlady is brutally beaten on the stairs. Like his previous reaction, he is horr ified and could not imagine such brutality, such frenzy (133). The crowd, representing society, looks on in shock, but not a single person attempts to intervene. They are too weak to intervene; they merely view the assistant superintendent as a monster, which is what Raskolnikov possibly fears he has become.After Raskolnikov has made the choice and committed the murder, he must face the negative consequences of his actions. From a utilitarian perspective, the choice that Raskolnikov made may have served the greater good; however, the psychological repercussions the negative consequences and state of suffering which the murder brings onto Raskolnikov, heavily overshadow any good which may have come from his crime. This is exemplified by his dream, which horrifies him, and yet which is about a crime not entirely dissimilar to his own. He cannot see a reason, let alone a greater good, for the beating of his landlady.Raskolnikovs third dream occurs when he returns home after frenz iedly leaving Razumikhin and encountering the artisan in the street. Raskolnikovs spilt psyche runs rampant in this scene. He fears giving himself away, and yet is frustrated with Razumikhin for not noticing his guilt, Razumikhin is here, and yet he doesnt seem to have noticed anything. That innocent booby never notices anything! (271). Raskolnikovor, at least, a part of Raskolnikovwants his conscience to prevail, wants Razumikhin to figure it out, and wants to be held accountable for his crime.In the midst of Raskolnikovs contradictory thoughts, behaviors and anxiety over his crime, there is an ideological debate between Porfiry and Razumikhin. Razumikhin argues:[The socialists] reduce everything to one common causeenvironment. Environment is the root of all evil Human nature isnt supposed to exist Thats why they dislike the living process of life so much! Human nature wants life You cant jump over human nature by logic alone! Logic can only foresee three possibilities, but there is a whole million of them! Disregard the million and reduce it all to a question of comfort? What an easy solution to the problem! So temptingly clear and no need to think at all. (273)Razumikhin is making an argument for the process of living, for embracing human nature and the human condition, and for the value of the individuals ability to choose. This is essentially an existential argument. Porfiry dismisses Razumikhins existential views and ideals and, taking a nihilistic attitude, retorts, environment means a lot in crime (273).Immediately preceding Raskolnikovs third dream, he begins to doubt nihilism and he rejects utilitarianism. Lying on his sofa, he thinks:I was in a great hurry to step overI didnt kill a human beingI killed a principle! Yes, I killed a principle all right, but I did not step overI remained on this side. All I could do was kill! And it seems I couldnt even do that! A principle? Why was that innocent fool Razumikhin abusing the socialist s? Theyre an industrious peoplepractical men, engaged in the business of bringing about the happiness of all. No, I live only once, and I shant ever live again: I dont want to wait for the happiness of all. I want to live, or else I might as well be dead (291).Raskolnikovs attempt to pacify himself regarding his crime, I didnt kill a human beingI killed a principle! is essentially an attempt to adopt a nihilistic attitude. He doubts himself, however, by questioning, A principle? By rejecting the notion of the happiness of all, Raskolnikov is essentially rejecting the utilitarianism he had previously clung to. He then proceeds to slip into his third dream, which is linked to the previous two dreams by the recurring image of the horse, Oh, how well I understand the prophet with his sword on a horse (292). In this dream, Raskolnikov returns to the old womans apartment and beats her with an axe. There is a crowd present in this dream, as well. Instead of participating, disapprovi ng, or being shocked, however, they are laughing at him. This dovetails with Raskolnikovs recent rejection of utilitarianism and was foreshadowed in the previous scene with Razumikhin and Porfiry. Porfiry asked Raskolnikov what happens when an ordinary man mistakes himself for an extraordinary man. Raskolnikov told him:that does happen quite often quite a lot of them, owing to some whim of nature which has not been denied even to the cow, like to imagine themselves advanced people, destroyers, and do their utmost to proclaim the new word themselves But I dont think there is any real danger here, and it really shouldnt worry you at all, for they never get very far (278-9).Raskolnikov thus articulates what has already begun to happen to him his inability to get very far and foreshadows his own doom. Moreover, the fact that society is laughing at him and his crime undermines his presupposition that he was an extraordinary man.Ultimately, Raskolnikovs conscience and spirituality overwhelm the other parts of his psyche and he confesses to his crime and he ultimately fails in his attempts to utilize philosophies such as utilitarianism and nihilism to justify his action. Eventually, he can no longer endure the psychological and existential sufferings and is driven to confession and to the acceptance of social punishment. Raskolnikov also foreshadowed this in his conversation with Razumikhin and Porfiry, Whoever has a conscience will no doubt suffer, if he realizes his mistake. Thats his punishment on top of penal servitude (281). In conclusion, Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment can be read as an ideological novel. Dostoyevsky deconstructs the dominant ideologies of the time, using the medium of the choices and the psyche of the criminal Raskolnikov. He examines the ways in which many of the major contemporary philosophies fail to explain the cultural phenomena of criminality. In the refutation of those philosophies, he creates an essentially existentia l novel.Works CitedDostoyevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Suffolk: Penguin, 1976.

Writing Samples in Psychology Essay Questions

Writing Samples in Psychology Essay QuestionsWriting samples can be of help when you need to know how to answer specific essay questions in your psychology classes. There are a lot of different ways you can go about finding the sample question that will best suit the topic of your class. The sample questions can be included in your assignments, discussed with fellow students in class, or even downloaded from the Internet for free. It really comes down to what you are looking for and what you find easiest to use when it comes to samples.The best way to find essay questions for your class is to use the Internet. By using the Internet you will be able to download or print out samples of many different types of essay question that will be appropriate for your psychology class. Many people think that writing samples only come from word processing software programs, but that isn't true at all.You can find writing samples written by professionals in the field that include essay questions th at they used to be part of their writing assignments. This gives you an idea of how to prepare and answer these types of questions. These writing samples often contain all of the information that you will need to know to answer your question, and are an important part of the material that you will have to cover when it comes to essays for psychology classes.You will find that some of the essay questions that you receive from your professor will also come in writing samples. These can be a great way to learn more about the kind of question that will be used in your class and what you should include on your assignment. There are a lot of things that you should take into consideration when it comes to creating a question that you will have to cover when it comes to writing an essay for your psychology class. This is why you should always make sure that you will have writing samples before you take on any kind of assignment.There are several websites that offer written samples of essay questions that you will be asked to write. These websites will usually have the questions of several different psychology classes that are ready for download. The good thing about these is that you will be able to take advantage of the various writing samples that are included so that you will be able to take the best ones and incorporate them into your own writing.Of course, there are also sites that offer free writing samples, but you should be careful of the website that you choose to download the information from. Some of these sites are really good and offer samples that you will find that will be very useful. Other sites may not be as useful because they tend to have poor writing samples that are provided by their authors.You should always be able to get writing samples from a writer that is experienced in the area that you are writing about. You should also make sure that the writer has already written the questions that you will be asked to write about. If the writer does no t have the answers to those questions, you should not use the writing samples from them, because they are not going to be able to provide you with the information that you need to be able to answer your question.Remember that you will need to read through the writing samples that you are given and review the questions that you are going to be asked when it comes to writing essays for your psychology class. Take time to understand how to answer the questions and you will be able to fully grasp the information that you need to know.

The Implications of Confidentiality for Nurses - 649 Words

Confidentiality: Implications for nurses The ethical principle of confidentiality is one of the core principles of nursing, along with beneficence and nonmalfeasance. Confidentiality...means that the information shared with other persons will not be spread abroad and will be used only for the purposes intended. A patients sharing of private information imposes a duty of confidentiality on health care providers. That duty means providers will share information only on a need-to-know basis (Silva Ludwick 1999). Of course, what constitutes need to know is a very subjective estimation. Does a nurse have an ethical obligation to inform the partner of someone with AIDS when the nurse knows the patient is having unprotected sex? In many states, there are statutory guidelines of which the nurse must be aware. 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Eugene Ionescos Rhinoceros True Means Resides Essay Example For Students

Eugene Ionescos Rhinoceros: True Means Resides Essay Eugene Ionescos Rhinoceros: True Means Resides in Action not WordsEugene Ionescos Rhinoceros: True Means Resides in Action not WordsI awoke sweating.Breathing heavily, I glanced over at my clock andread the time. 4:00 AM. I wasnt sure if this was reality or not so I ran mypalm over my scalp. No bump. A sigh of relief came over me. Phew, I said,it was only a dream.This is a dream I have had often throughout the past couple of years. Each time, the bump in my dream gets bigger and bigger and each time I wake upIm more and more frightened that the dream was real. I will not be arhinoceros, I tell myself over and over. I will not.These words I tell myself are nearly meaningless though. They are wordsand nothing more. Futile attempts to ease the pain of my rhinocerotic life. The only way to really not become a rhinoceros is by making the existentialdecision not to do so. A main theme in Eugene Ionescos, Rhinoceros, is that true meaningresides in action rather than in mere words. A resistance to taking action thenresults in ones becoming a rhinoceros. Jean illustrates this in the beginningof Act 2, scene 2, when we see Jean and Berenger bickering. Berenger feels thatJean isnt looking or feeling well and threatens to get him a doctor. Jeanresists by saying, Youre not going to get the doctor because I dont want thedoctor. I can look after myself. (pp. 62) This refusal comes from hisarrogant view of himself as a Master of his own thoughts, (pp. 61) andHaving will-power! (pp. 7) By seeing the doctor, Jean would have puthimself in the position of taking responsibility for his actions and seeing thathe wasnt always the master of his own thoughts and that his will-power wasactually quite weak. It would be admitting the meaninglessness in his futileattempts to remain a human. He didnt want to see that he, in fact, wasbecoming a rhinoceros. Had Jean agreed to see a doctor, he may have been saved. By seeing thedoctor, Jean would have come to terms with his becoming a rhinoceros. Aftercoming to terms with his current state, he could then change his subsequentstate to one of taking action to be an individual. Berenger, however, illustrates the power in making an existentialdecision. The trumpeting call of the rhinoceros was a persuasive one, butBerenger was able to resist it through his commitment and determination. In thebeginning of Act 3, Berenger and Dudard are speaking after Berenger was awakenedfrom a nightmare. Dudard proposed the possibility that Berenger could turn intoa rhinoceros. Berenger refutes this possibility by saying, If you really dontwant to knock yourself, you dont. (pp. 73). The knocking yourself he isspeaking of is the growing of a horn and turning into a rhinoceros. He againreiterates this by saying, If one really doesnt want to, really doesntwant to catch this thing, which after all is a nervous disease-then you dontcatch it (pp. 76) Berenger is explaining to Dudard how through making anexistential choice, one can avoid becoming a rhinoceros. Ionesco then uses Dudard to ignite Berengers desire to not become arhinoceros when Dudard says to him to prove his will-power and stop drinking. This leads Berenger to his realization that he despises rhinoceroses and hisdetermination to not be like them. It now becomes imminent that Berenger willachieve his moment of commitment though he still possesses some doubts. The ultimate commitment occurs at the very end of the play when Daisyfinds the rhinoceroses more and more attractive and Berenger finds them more andmore disgusting. When Daisy eventually joins them and Berenger is left byhimself. Only then does he make his true existential decision by saying, Imthe last man left, and Im staying that way until the end. Im notcapitulating!This is the decision that all of us must make. We must resist ourtemptations to make up meaningless decrees for ourselves and take responsibilityfor our actions. Existentialist decision allows us to act to overcome ourweaknesses and remain productive humans. This is the only way to end ournightmare. This is the only way to know we will never have to wake up with abump on our heads. We must always believe in ourselves and what is right. Wemust realize that as we act, so shall we become. .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .postImageUrl , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:hover , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:visited , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:active { border:0!important; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:active , .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519 .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f0257da035e8a7ff9690a30bb893519:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction EssayEnglish